What do programming errors in software create vulnerabilities for?

Programming errors in software can lead to vulnerabilities that allow unauthorized access to data. When there are flaws in the code, such as buffer overflows, input validation issues, or improper authentication procedures, these can be exploited by malicious actors. For instance, an attacker may take advantage of a flaw to bypass security controls and access sensitive information they should not have permissions to view. This underscores the importance of rigorous testing and secure coding practices to mitigate such risks.

The other options involve important aspects of cybersecurity but do not directly arise from programming errors. Ensuring data integrity is focused more on maintaining and verifying the consistency and accuracy of data over its lifecycle. Controlling internet traffic is related to network management and monitoring rather than programming errors. Encrypting sensitive information is a security measure used to protect data and is typically implemented to safeguard against unauthorized access rather than being a result of programming flaws.